CSS theme variables

An overview of adopting CSS theme variables in Material UI or Joy UI.

CSS variables are a modern cross-browser feature that let you declare variables in CSS and reuse them in other properties.

Introduction

CSS theme variable support is a new feature in MUI System added in v5.0.5 as an experimental export. It tells the underlying Material UI, Joy UI or even custom UI library components to use the generated CSS theme variables instead of raw values. This provides significant improvements in developer experience related to theming and customization. With these variables, you can inject a theme into your app's stylesheet at build time to apply the user's selected settings before the whole app is rendered. Learn more about the advantages and trade-offs of using CSS theme variables.

Advantages

• It lets you prevent dark-mode SSR flickering.
• You can create unlimited color schemes beyond light and dark.
• It offers a better debugging experience not only for developers but also designers on your team.
• The color scheme of your website is automatically synced between browser tabs.
• It simplifies integration with third-party tools because CSS theme variables are available globally.
• It reduces the need for a nested theme when you want to apply dark styles to a specific part of your application.

Trade-offs

For server-side applications, there are some trade-offs to consider:

Usage

The CSS variables API usage is exposed as a higher order function called unstable_createCssVarsProvider which can be called to create a theme provider and other utilities to share the theme config throughout your app. This is a very low-level function and has a lot of moving parts. If you're using Material UI or Joy UI, they expose their own CssVarsProvider component that you can use directly without configuring your theme.

We'll first define a minimal theme palette for light and dark modes.

// extendTheme.js
import {
  unstable_createGetCssVar as systemCreateGetCssVar,
  unstable_prepareCssVars as prepareCssVars,
} from '@mui/system';

const lightColorScheme = {
  palette: {
    mode: 'light',
    primary: {
      default: '#3990FF',
      dark: '#02367D',
    },
    text: {
      default: '#111111',
    },
    // ... other colors
  },
};

const darkColorScheme = {
  palette: {
    mode: 'dark',
    primary: {
      default: '#265D97',
      dark: '#132F4C',
      main: '#5090D3',
    },
    text: {
      default: '#ffffff',
    },
    // ... other colors
  },
};

const createGetCssVar = (cssVarPrefix = 'my-app') =>
  systemCreateGetCssVar(cssVarPrefix);

function extendTheme({ cssVarPrefix = 'my-app' } = {}) {
  const getCssVar = createGetCssVar(cssVarPrefix);
  const theme = {
    colorSchemes: {
      light: lightColorScheme,
      dark: darkColorScheme,
    },
    // ... any other objects independent of color-scheme,
    // like fontSizes, spacing tokens, etc
  };

  const { vars: themeVars, generateCssVars } = prepareCssVars(
    { colorSchemes: theme.colorSchemes },
    {
      prefix: cssVarPrefix,
    },
  );
  theme.vars = themeVars;
  theme.generateCssVars = generateCssVars;
  theme.palette = {
    ...theme.colorSchemes.light.palette,
    colorScheme: 'light',
  };

  return theme;
}

const myCustomDefaultTheme = extendTheme();

export default myCustomDefaultTheme;

Here, the returned theme object needs to follow a certain structure to be used correctly by the final CssVarsProvider. It should have a colorSchemes key with the light and dark (and any other) palette. prepareCssVars import from @mui/system is used to create CSS variable names which can then be easily accessed using the returned vars. This is also added to the theme object. Finally, myCustomDefaultTheme theme object is created that can now be passed to the createCssVarsProvider to get a CssVarsProvider.

// CssVarsProvider.js
import { unstable_createCssVarsProvider as createCssVarsProvider } from '@mui/system';

const { CssVarsProvider, useColorScheme } = createCssVarsProvider({
  defaultColorScheme: {
    light: 'light',
    dark: 'dark',
  },
  theme: myCustomDefaultTheme,
});

export { CssVarsProvider, useColorScheme };

Now wrap your top level app component with this CssVarsProvider component and then you can access the passed theme value to any of the components rendered inside the provider.

Example of a component using the CSS variable -

// Button.js
import { styled } from '@mui/system';

const Button = styled('button')(({ theme }) => ({
  backgroundColor: theme.vars.palette.primary.default,
  border: `1px solid ${theme.vars.palette.primary.dark}`,
  color: theme.vars.palette.text.default,
}));

export default Button;

The hook, useColorScheme can be used to get the current mode (light or dark) and can also update the mode like:

// App.js
function App() {
  const { setMode, mode } = useColorScheme();
  const toggleMode = () => {
    setMode(mode === 'dark' ? 'light' : 'dark');
  };

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Current Mode: {mode}</h1>
      <Button onClick={toggleMode}>Toggle Mode</Button>
    </div>
  );
}

// main.js
import * as React from 'react';
import * as ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';
import App from './App';
import { CssVarsProvider } from './CssVarsProvider';

ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root')).render(
  <CssVarsProvider>
    <App />
  </CssVarsProvider>,
);

Now, the Button's backgroundColor, borderColor and text color values will correctly use the colors based on the selected mode.

Demo

For framework- or language-specific setup instructions, see CSS theme variables—Usage—Server-side rendering. For framework or language specific setup, see this

See the complete usage of createCssVarsProvider in Material UI and Joy UI.

API

createCssVarsProvider options

• attribute?: DOM attribute for applying color scheme (data-color-scheme by default)
• modeStorageKey?: localStorage key used to store application mode (mode by default)
• colorSchemeStorageKey?: localStorage key used to store colorScheme
• defaultColorScheme: Design system default color scheme (string or object depending on if the design system has 1 or more themes, can be light or dark)
• defaultMode?: Design system default mode (light by default)
• disableTransitionOnChange?: Disable CSS transitions when switching between modes or color schemes (false by default)
• themeId?: The design system's unique id for getting the corresponded theme when there are multiple design systems.
• theme: Design system default theme. It's structure, besides the minimum requirements by createCssVarsProvider, is upto the design system to implement.
• resolveTheme(theme: Theme) => Theme: A function to be called after the CSS variables are attached. The result of this function will be the final theme pass to ThemeProvider.

createCssVarsProvider returns 3 items.

<CssVarsProvider> props

• defaultMode?: 'light' | 'dark' | 'system' - Application's default mode (light by default)
• disableTransitionOnChange : boolean - Disable CSS transitions when switching between modes
• theme: ThemeInput - the theme provided to React's context
• modeStorageKey?: string - localStorage key used to store application mode
• attribute?: string - DOM attribute for applying color scheme

useColorScheme: () => ColorSchemeContextValue

• mode: string - The user's selected mode
• setMode: mode => {…} - Function for setting the mode. The mode is saved to internal state and local storage; if mode is null, it will be reset to the default mode

getInitColorSchemeScript: (options) => React.ReactElement

options

• defaultMode?: 'light' | 'dark' | 'system': - Application's default mode before React renders the tree (light by default)
• modeStorageKey?: string: - localStorage key used to store application mode
• attribute?: string - DOM attribute for applying color scheme