Migrating to CSS theme variables

A step-by-step migration guide to start using CSS theme variables in your project.

This is a guide that shows how to migrate an existing Material UI project to CSS theme variables. This migration offers a solution to a longstanding issue in which a user who prefers dark mode will see a flash of light mode when the page first loads.

1. Add the new provider

Without a custom theme

If you aren't using ThemeProvider, then all you need to do is wrap your application with the CssVarsProvider:

import { CssVarsProvider } from '@mui/material/styles';

function App() {
  return <CssVarsProvider>...your existing application</CssVarsProvider>;
}

You should see the generated CSS theme variables in the stylesheet. Material UI components that render inside the new provider will automatically consume the variables.

Custom theme

If you have a custom theme, you must replace createTheme() with the extendTheme() API.

This moves palette customization to within the colorSchemes node. Other properties can be copied and pasted.

-import { createTheme } from '@mui/material/styles';
+import { extendTheme } from '@mui/material/styles';

-const lightTheme = createTheme({
-  palette: {
-   primary: {
-     main: '#ff5252',
-   },
-   ...
- },
- // ...other properties, for example breakpoints, spacing, shape, typography, components
-});

-const darkTheme = createTheme({
-  palette: {
-   mode: 'dark',
-   primary: {
-     main: '#000',
-   },
-   ...
- },
-});

+const theme = extendTheme({
+  colorSchemes: {
+    light: {
+      palette: {
+        primary: {
+          main: '#ff5252',
+        },
+        ...
+      },
+    },
+    dark: {
+      palette: {
+        primary: {
+          main: '#000',
+        },
+        ...
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  // ...other properties
+});

Then, replace the ThemeProvider with the CssVarsProvider:

-import { ThemeProvider } from '@mui/material/styles';
+import { CssVarsProvider } from '@mui/material/styles';

 const theme = extendTheme(...);

 function App() {
-  return <ThemeProvider theme={theme}>...</ThemeProvider>
+  return <CssVarsProvider theme={theme}>...</CssVarsProvider>
 }

Save the file and start the development server. Your application should be able to run without crashing.

If you inspect the page, you will see the generated CSS variables in the stylesheet. Material UI components that render inside the new provider will automatically use the CSS theme variables.

2. Remove the toggle mode logic

You can remove your existing logic that handles the user-selected mode and replace it with the useColorScheme hook.

Before:

// This is only a minimal example to demonstrate the migration.
function App() {
  const [mode, setMode] = React.useState(() => {
    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
      return localStorage.getItem('mode') ?? 'light';
    }
    return 'light';
  });

  // a new theme is created every time the mode changes
  const theme = createTheme({
    palette: {
      mode,
    },
    // ...your custom theme
  });
  return (
    <ThemeProvider theme={theme}>
      <Button
        onClick={() => {
          const newMode = mode === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light';
          setMode(newMode);
          localStorage.setItem('mode', newMode);
        }}
      >
        {mode === 'light' ? 'Turn dark' : 'Turn light'}
      </Button>
      ...
    </ThemeProvider>
  );
}

After:

import { CssVarsProvider, extendTheme, useColorScheme } from '@mui/material/styles';

function ModeToggle() {
  const { mode, setMode } = useColorScheme();
  return (
    <Button
      onClick={() => {
        setMode(mode === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light');
      }}
    >
      {mode === 'light' ? 'Turn dark' : 'Turn light'}
    </Button>
  );
}

const theme = extendTheme({
  // ...your custom theme
});

function App() {
  return (
    <CssVarsProvider theme={theme}>
      <ModeToggle />
      ...
    </CssVarsProvider>
  );
}

The useColorScheme hook provides the user-selected mode and a function setMode to update the value.

The mode is stored inside CssVarsProvider which handles local storage synchronization for you.

3. Prevent dark-mode flickering in server-side applications

The getInitColorSchemeScript() API prevents dark-mode flickering by returning a script that must be run before React.

Next.js Pages Router

Place the script before <Main /> in your pages/_document.js:

import Document, { Html, Head, Main, NextScript } from 'next/document';
import { getInitColorSchemeScript } from '@mui/material/styles';

export default class MyDocument extends Document {
  render() {
    return (
      <Html data-color-scheme="light">
        <Head>...</Head>
        <body>
          {getInitColorSchemeScript()}
          <Main />
          <NextScript />
        </body>
      </Html>
    );
  }
}

Gatsby

Place the script in your gatsby-ssr.js file:

import * as React from 'react';
import { getInitColorSchemeScript } from '@mui/material/styles';

export function onRenderBody({ setPreBodyComponents }) {
  setPreBodyComponents([getInitColorSchemeScript()]);
}

4. Refactor custom styles to use the attribute selector

Users will continue to encounter dark-mode flickering if your custom styles include conditional expressions, as shown below:

// theming example
extendTheme({
  components: {
    MuiChip: {
      styleOverrides: {
        root: ({ theme }) => ({
          backgroundColor:
            theme.palette.mode === 'dark'
              ? 'rgba(255 255 255 / 0.2)'
              : 'rgba(0 0 0 / 0.2)',
        }),
      },
    },
  },
});

// or a custom component example
const Button = styled('button')(({ theme }) => ({
  backgroundColor:
    theme.palette.mode === 'dark' ? 'rgba(255 255 255 / 0.2)' : 'rgba(0 0 0 / 0.2)',
}));

This is because the theme.palette.mode is always light on the server.

To fix this problem, replace conditional expressions with theme.applyStyles() instead:

// theming example
extendTheme({
  components: {
    MuiChip: {
      styleOverrides: {
        root: ({ theme }) => ({
          backgroundColor: 'rgba(0 0 0 / 0.2)',
          ...theme.applyStyles('dark', {
            backgroundColor: 'rgba(255 255 255 / 0.2)',
          }),
        }),
      },
    },
  },
});

// or a custom component example
const Button = styled('button')(({ theme }) => ({
  backgroundColor: 'rgba(0 0 0 / 0.2)',
  ...theme.applyStyles('dark', {
    backgroundColor: 'rgba(255 255 255 / 0.2)',
  }),
}));

5. Test dark-mode flickering

Toggle dark mode in your application
Open DevTools and set the CPU throttling to the lowest value (don't close the DevTools).
Refresh the page. You should see the all components in dark mode at first glance.